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family support
Family support is the support of families with a member with a disability, which may include a child, an adult or even the parent in the family. In the United States, family support includes "unpaid" or "informal" support by neighbors, families and friends, "paid services" through specialist agencies providing an array of services termed "family support services", school or parent services for special needs such as respite care, specialized child care or peer companions, or cash subsidies, tax deductions or other financial subsidies. Family support has been extended to different population groups in the US and worldwide. Family support services is currently a "community services and funding" stream in New York and the US which has had variable "application" based on disability group, administrating agency, and even, regulatory and legislative intent.
==History==
The late 1970s and early 1980s are considered pivotal times for the development of respite and family support services, particularly through the demands and initiatives of parents of children with disabilities.〔Cohen, S. & Warren, R. (1985). ''Respite care: Principles, programs and policies''. Austin, TX: PRO-ED.〕〔Taylor, S., Knoll, J., Lehr, S., & Walker, P. (1989). Families for all children: Values-based services for children with disabilities and their families. In: G. Singer & L. Irvin (Eds.), "Support for caregiving families" (pp. 41-53). Baltimore, MD: Paul H. Brookes.〕〔Taylor, S., Racino, J., Knoll, J. & Lutfiyya, Z. (1987). "The nonrestrictive environment: On community integration for persons with the most severe disabilities." Syracuse, NY: Human Policy Press.〕〔Edinger, B., Schultz, B., & Morse, M. (1984). Final report: issues relevant to respite services for people with developmental disability. Part One: The research. In: J. Racino (Ed.), "Final report of the Respite Project of Central New York". Syracuse, NY: Respite Project of Central New York, Transitional Living Services and the Syracuse Developmental Services Office.〕 These initiatives occurred throughout the US concurrent with the formation of activist parent groups in the 1970s, for example, in the state of New Hampshire.〔Shoultz, B. (1992b). "(Like an angel they came to help us: The origins and workings of New Hampshire's family support network. )" Syracuse, NY: Research and Training Center on Community Integration, Center on Human Policy, Syracuse University.〕〔Racino, J.(2002). Community integration and statewide systems change: Qualitative evaluation research in community life and disability. "Journal of Health and Social Policy", 14(3), 1-25. ()〕 Foster care, which involved "substitute care" from birth families, preceded this organization of parents nationally and together with group homes were considered the primary forms of community residential services in the US.〔e.g., Hill, B., Lakin, K.C., Bruininks, R., Amado, A., Anderson, D. & Copher, J.(1989). ''Living in the community: A comparative study of foster homes and group homes for people with mental retardation.'' Minneapolis, MN: Center for Residential and Community Services, Institute on Community Integration, University of Minnesota.〕〔Provencal, G. (1980). The Macomb-Oakland Regional Center. In: T. Appoloni, J. Cappuccilli, & T. P. Cooke (Eds.), ''Towards excellence: Achievement in residential services for persons with disabilities.'' Baltimore, MD: University Park Press.〕〔Rucker, L. (1987). A difference you can see: One example of services to persons with severe mental retardation in the community. In: S. Taylor,D. Biklen, & J. Knoll (Eds.), "Community integration for people with severe disabilities". (pp. 109-128). NY, NY: Teachers College Press.〕〔Strully, J. & Strully, C.F. (1989). Family support to promote integration. In: S. Stainback , W. Stainback, & M. Forest, ''Educating All Students in the Mainstream of Regular Education''. Baltimore, MD: Paul H. Brookes.〕 However, by the 1990s, family support had become an established service reported regularly in the field of intellectual and developmental disabilities, and part of States' and local service systems in the US.〔Racino, J. (2002). Community integration and statewide systems change: Qualitative evaluation research in community life and disability. ''(Journal of Health and Social Policy )'', 14(3), 1-25.〕〔Braddock, D., Hemp, R., Fujuira, G., Bachelder, L, & Mitchell, D. (1990). ''State of the states in developmental disabilities''. Baltimore, MD: Paul H. Brookes.〕〔Knoll, J., Covert, S., Osuch, R., O'Connor, S., Agosta, J. & Blaney, B. (1992). "Family support services in the US: An end of decade status report". Cambridge, MA: Human Services Research Institute.〕 Family support services were considered one of the better ways of supporting families and their children, including "building on natural supports" and encouraging the integration of children in the community.〔Center on Human Policy. (1987-1989). A statement in support of families and their children. National Policy Institute on Families and their Children. Reprinted in: J. Racino. (2000). "Personnel preparation in disability and community life: Toward universal approaches to support." (pp. 31-32). Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas Publishers.〕〔Taylor, S., Bogdan, R., & Racino, J. (1991). "Life in the community: Case studies of organizations supporting people with disabilities." Baltimore, MD: Paul H. Brookes.〕〔Bersani, H. (1991, January). "Case study of the family support services conducted by the United Cerebral Palsy Association of Philadelphia, PA". Salem, OR: Community Integration Associates (for the Pennsylvania Developmental Disabilities Council).〕〔Piersma, J. (2002). Family support services. In: R. Schalock, P.C., Baker, & M.D. Croser (Eds.), "Embarking on a new century: 'Intellectual disabilities' at the end of the 20th century". (pp. 143-152). Washington, DC: American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities.〕
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